This discussion and analysis reflect historical results of operations and financial position. The following discussion and analysis is intended to highlight and supplement data and information presented elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on From 10-Q, including our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and related notes and other financial information, and should be read in conjunction with our final prospectus for our initial public offering, or IPO, dated as ofOctober 20, 2021 and filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission , or theSEC , onOctober 22, 2021 pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, or the Prospectus. To the extent that this discussion describes prior performance, the descriptions relate only to the periods listed, which may not be indicative of our future financial outcomes. In addition to the historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could results to differ materially from management's expectations. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences are discussed in the sections titled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors." We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting onEnfusion's behalf are qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. OverviewEnfusion is a global, high-growth software-as-a-service provider focused on transforming the investment management industry. Our solution is designed to eliminate technology and information barriers, empowering investment managers to confidently make and execute better-informed investment decisions in real time. We simplify investment and operational workflows by unifying mission critical systems and coalescing data into a single dataset resulting in a single source of truth. This allows stakeholders throughout the entire client organization to interact more effectively with one another across the investment management lifecycle. We believe, by means of our purposefully designed interconnected systems underpinned by one dataset, we are the only solution that allows clients to see and interact with all parts of the investment management lifecycle ranging from portfolio construction, trading, risk management, accounting and operations through to investor reporting seamlessly in real time, in one screen, in one solution. As a result, our solution enables clients to better align teams, optimizing their investment decision-making operations and technology footprint and lowering operating costs. By harnessing the efficiencies, agility and scale inherent to our cloud-native, multi-tenant software that is integrated with a suite of technology-powered services, we believe we have created the industry's most compelling investment management solution, capable of shaping and addressing evolving demands of the global investment management landscape. Our Business Model By virtue of our flexible and open architecture solution, we offer clients the ability to either replace their investment management systems using the end-to-endEnfusion solution integrated with technology-powered services or supplement their legacy systems with selectEnfusion systems such as portfolio management or accounting and over time, expand into using our full solution offering. Additionally, our solution's nimble single codebase architecture allows us to dedicate resources to our clients holistically, driving a superior client experience that is critical to our business model. When our clients subscribe to theEnfusion solution, we assign each client a dedicated service team that works with them from the moment of onboarding and throughout their contract lifetime. The continuity in the servicing team assigned to each client ensures that our clients are continuously interfacing with dedicatedEnfusion employees that understand their needs, workflows and product use. It also fosters a partnership built on ongoing communication and feedback, which continuously informs the weekly upgrades and functional enhancements that we deliver to each of our clients. As we continue to scale and add clients, we benefit from an evolving solution that mirrors the needs and demands of our clients and the market, leading to a compelling competitive advantage and in turn increased client retention and revenues from expanded and new business. Our total net revenues were approximately 99.9% and 98.3% recurring subscription-based during the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020 and approximately 99.6% and 98.1% during the nine monthsSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Generally, we charge our clients fees comprised of various components such as user fees, 24
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connectivity fees, market data fees and technology-powered service fees, all of which consider client complexity and that is subject to contract minimums. The weekly enhancements and upgrades that we deliver, and the dedicated client service are included in the price of the contract. To support our growth and capitalize on our market opportunity, we continue to invest across all aspects of our business. In research and development, we are focused on developing additional system functionality that will open revenue opportunities across alternative and institutional investment managers. We have also further institutionalized and increased spend in our sales and marketing efforts, both inthe United States and internationally. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we plan to open offices in mainlandChina andAustralia to build on our success in the APAC region and continue to expand our global reach. We continue to be disciplined and strategic about our investments and as a result have been consistently profitable while achieving significant growth.
We operate as a single operational and reportable segment, which reflects how our Chief Operating Decision Maker, or CODM, reviews and evaluates our business performance.
Our total net revenues were$29.0 million and$19.8 million for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Platform subscriptions and managed service revenues were$29.0 million for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , or approximately 99.9% of total net revenues, up approximately 49.2% from$19.5 million for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 . We had net income of$3.3 million and$5.6 million in the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our total net revenues were$79.8 million and$56.9 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Platform subscriptions and managed service revenues were$79.5 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , or approximately 99.6% of total net revenues, up approximately 42.4% from$55.8 million for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 . We had net income of$11.7 million and$16.2 million in the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Key Factors Affecting Our Operating Results
Extent of our clientele
Our future revenue growth depends, in part, on our ability to expand our reach to new clients. There are significant opportunities to expand our client base across the various client segments we serve today. We believe we are the leading cloud-native, SaaS provider to the global emerging fund and hedge fund sector and expect that as the alternative investment sector grows, we will continue to extend our position. We expect that our efforts in signing new clients in this sector benefit from referrals from our existing clients, client stakeholders when they transit to other or launch new organizations, industry channel partners and strategic partners. In addition, we continue to extend this growth through increasing adoption by larger institutional asset management clients due to increasing acceptance of cloud technology and the robust capabilities of our solution that better meet their evolving needs and address their existing pain points. Taking advantage of the unique position that allows us to sell our products and services through shorter sales cycles and on faster client implementation timelines, we expect to continue to expand and invest our sales efforts to capitalize on opportunities in this client segment.
Extension of use with existing customers
We believe there is a significant opportunity to further expand our relationships with existing clients as they continue to evolve and grow in size and expand into new markets and strategies or as we provide new functionality or release new systems or services. We also believe we have a significant opportunity to expand our relationship with existing clients that were not in a position to replace all of their systems at once when they first engaged with us. For those clients that elect to initially utilize some portion of our solution or only use our solution for a particular strategy or fund, we find that once they experience the advantages of our end-to-end solution, many seek opportunities to expand the breadth of their relationship with us to further help improve their investment management workflows and technology infrastructure. We expect our revenues from existing clients to continue to increase as they broaden their use of our solution and expand utilization into other investment groups within the firm. 25
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Retention and renewal of existing customers
The growth of our revenues base from expanding relationships with our existing clients is driven by our ability to retain these clients. Our client retention also strengthens the stability and predictability of our revenue model, facilitating better management of business. Our Net Dollar Retention Rate was 122.0% and 104.0% as ofSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We believe that our delivery of excellent ongoing innovation together with superior client experience is critical to our client retention and we expect to continue to invest in both areas. Geographic Expansion
Our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to grow our client base through geographic expansion and build on the success internationally. For the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , we generated approximately 64.8% of our total net revenues in theAmericas , and approximately 35.2% of our total net revenues outside of theAmericas . For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , we generated approximately 65.4% of our total net revenues in theAmericas and approximately 34.6% of our total net revenues outside of theAmericas . We are globally situated in nine offices inChicago ,New York , São Paulo,London ,Dublin ,Hong Kong ,Singapore ,Mumbai andBangalore . We continue to invest in expanding our presence and capitalize on opportunities in markets such asLatin America andAsia Pacific . We continue to make investments in our sales and marketing efforts in regions outside of theAmericas to capture the sizeable revenue opportunity.
Leader in continuous innovation and continued growth investments
We continuously evaluate opportunities to advance our solution through increased breadth and depth of functionality to better enable our clients to achieve their investment goals and solve for a broader array of business, operational and technology challenges. Our ability to lead and compete with a differentiated solution is dependent upon our pace of innovation. We remain committed to investing in ongoing innovation which may require increased spend in technology and development.
Costs of being a
As a newly public company, we will implement additional procedures and processes to address the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. Specifically, accounting, legal and personnel-related expenses and directors' and officers' insurance costs will increase as we establish more comprehensive compliance and governance functions, establish internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and prepare and distribute periodic reports in accordance withSEC rules. Our financial statements for the year endingDecember 31, 2021 onward will begin to reflect the impact of these expenses.
Impact of the COVID 19 pandemic
While the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the global economy, it has not significantly affected financial results for the three or nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 . While COVID-19 had a temporary nominal impact on client dialogue, it altogether reinforced our value proposition and amplified the need for our clients to be able to operate systems remotely. In terms of demand, while general economic headwinds have adversely impacted budgets of clients, we believe actions and restrictions in response to COVID-19 have served to highlight the criticality of our products, which we expect to drive increased demand over time as evidenced by a record number of new clients through the end ofSeptember 30, 2021 . As the situation surrounding the COVID 19 pandemic remains fluid, we are actively managing our response. The extent of the effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration, spread and intensity of the pandemic and governmental, regulatory and private sector responses, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict. 26 Table of Contents
Effects of reorganization operations on our corporate structure
We were incorporated asEnfusion, Inc. onJune 11, 2021 and formed for the purpose of the IPO. Following the completion of the Reorganization Transactions (as defined in Note 4 to our Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report), we became a holding company and our sole material asset is an indirect ownership interest inEnfusion Ltd. LLC (the "LLC"). Through our ability to control the sole member of the LLC, we control all of the business and affairs of the LLC. All of our business is conducted through the LLC and its subsidiaries and the financial results of the LLC will be included in the consolidated interim financial statements ofEnfusion, Inc. The historical results of operations discussed in these sections are those of the LLC prior to the completion of the Reorganization Transactions, including the IPO, and do not reflect certain items that we expect will affect our results of operations and financial condition after giving effect to the Reorganization Transactions and the use of proceeds from the IPO. The LLC has been treated as a pass-through entity forU.S. federal and state income tax purposes and accordingly has not been subject toU.S. federal or state income tax. After the IPO, the LLC will continue to be treated as a pass-through entity forU.S. federal and state income tax purposes. As a result of our ownership of Common Units in the LLC, we are subject toU.S. , federal, state and local income taxes with respect to our allocable share of any taxable income of the LLC and will be taxed at the prevailing corporate tax rates. In addition to tax expenses, we also will incur expenses related to our operations and we will be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Due to the uncertainty of various factors, we cannot estimate the likely tax benefits we will realize as a result of LLC Common Unit exchanges and the resulting amounts we are likely to pay out to LLC Common Unit holders pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement; however, we estimate that such payments may be substantial. We intend to cause the LLC to make distributions in an amount sufficient to allow us to pay our tax obligations and operating expenses, including distributions to fund any ordinary course payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Components of Our Results of Operations
Income
Platform subscriptions
Platform subscriptions revenues consists primarily of user fees to provide our clients access to our cloud-based solution. Fees consider various components such as numbers of users, connectivity, trading volume, data usage and product coverage. Platform subscription clients do not have the right to take possession of the platform's software and do not have any general return right. Platform subscription revenues are generally recognized ratably over the period of contractually enforceable rights and obligations, beginning on the date that the client gains access to the platform. Most platform subscription contracts have a one-year term and are cancellable with 30 days' notice. Installment payments are invoiced at the end of each calendar month during the subscription term. We have a limited number of contracts that are non-cancellable. We have determined the impact of these contracts is not material on our pattern of revenue recognition.
Managed Services
Managed services revenues primarily consist of client-selected middle and back-office, technology-powered services. We recognize revenues monthly as the managed services are performed with invoicing occurring at the end of the month. Generally, invoices have a 30 day payment period in accordance with the associated contract. There is no financing available.
Other
Other revenues consist of non-subscription-based revenues, such as sponsor development of enhancements driven by a particular client but received by all clients and data conversion and services that integrate a client's historical data into our solution. We recognize revenues monthly as these services are performed with invoicing occurring at the end of each month. 27 Table of Contents Cost of Revenues Cost of revenues consists primarily of personnel-related costs associated with the delivery of our software and services, including base salaries, bonuses, employee benefits and related costs. Additionally, cost of revenues includes amortization of capitalized software development costs, allocated overhead and certain direct data and hosting costs. Our cost of revenues has fixed and variable components and depends on the type of revenues earned in each period. We expect our cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to hire personnel to provide hosting services and technical support to our growing client base. As a result of the IPO, we anticipate additional cost of revenues as a result of the stock-based compensation expenses incurred in the fourth quarter of 2021 associated with the future issuance of Class A common stock to former participants in our Change in Control Bonus Plan. The amount of stock-based compensation expense we expect to recognize within cost of revenues is not material. Operating Expenses
We expect to recognize an aggregate amount of approximately$268.5 million in stock-based compensation expense in the fourth quarter of 2021 in connection with the future issuance of shares of Class A common stock to former holders of Award Units under our former Change in Control Bonus Plan and to a non-executive employee in exchange for the termination of the profit sharing agreement described above. In addition, we expect to recognize approximately$6.3 million ,$25.1 million , and$10.9 million in the remainder of 2021, and in 2022 and 2023, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units granted in connection with the IPO. We present stock-based compensation expense within Cost of revenues, General and administrative, Sales and marketing and Technology and development based on the individual employees' department.
general and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs and related expenses for executive, finance, legal, human resources, recruiting and administrative personnel, including salaries, benefits and bonuses fees for external legal, accounting, recruiting and other consulting services. We expect these expenses will increase as we continue to expand our client base and our geographic footprint and as we incur costs associated with being a publicly-traded company, including additional legal, audit and consulting fees. As a result of the IPO, we anticipate additional general and administrative expenses as a result of the stock-based compensation expenses associated with the future issuance of Class A common stock to former participants in our Change in Control Bonus Plan, as well as additional stock-based compensation expense going forward related to the restricted stock units granted in connection with the IPO, and other equity awards to be made to service providers under our equity plans.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related costs associated with our sales and marketing staff, including base salaries, employee benefits, bonuses, and commissions. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we implement new marketing strategies and build our professional sales organization to support our client base growth and geographic expansion. We anticipate additional sales and marketing expenses as a result of the stock-based compensation expense associated with the future issuance of Class A common stock to former participants in our Change in Control Bonus Plan, as well as additional stock-based compensation expenses going forward related to the restricted stock units granted in connection with the IPO, and other equity awards to be made to service providers under our equity plans.
Technology and development
Technology and development expenses consist primarily of research and development activities, non-capitalizable costs of developing content and certain overhead allocations. These costs include employee-related costs, consulting services, expenses related to the product design, development, testing and enhancements of our subscription services. We expect that our technology and development expenses will increase in absolute dollars and may increase as a percentage of our revenues as we continue to enhance our platform functionality and develop new content and features. Additionally, our technology and development expense may fluctuate as a percentage of our total net revenues from period 28 Table of Contents to period depending on the timing of development. We will have additional technology and development expenses as a result of the stock-based compensation expenses associated with the future issuance of 2,047,064 shares of Class A common stock to a non-executive employee in exchange for termination of an agreement pursuant to which such employee was previously entitled to receive a percentage of our annual net profit. We also anticipate additional technology and development expenses as a result of the stock-based compensation expenses associated with the future issuance of Class A common stock to former participants in our Change in Control Bonus Plan, as well as additional stock-based compensation expense going forward related to the restricted stock units granted in connection with the IPO, and other equity awards to be made to service providers under our equity plans.
Non-operating income (expenses)
Non-operating income (expense) consists of interest expense and other income (expense). Interest expense consists primarily of interest accrued or paid associated with our debt, including the amortization of debt issuance costs. We expect interest expense to vary each reporting period depending on the amount of outstanding indebtedness and prevailing interest rates. Other income (expense) consists primarily of foreign currency translation gains and losses.
Income tax
After consummation of the Reorganization Transactions,Enfusion, Inc. became subject toU.S. federal income taxes with respect to our allocable share of anyU.S. taxable income ofEnfusion, Ltd. LLC and will be taxed at the prevailing corporate tax rates.Enfusion, Inc. will be treated as aU.S. corporation forU.S. federal, state and local income tax purposes. Accordingly, a provision for income taxes will be recorded for the anticipated tax consequences of our reported results of operations for federal income taxes. 29 Table of Contents Results of Operations
The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated interim financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this report. The following table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the periods shown: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (in thousands) 2021 2020 2021 2020 Unaudited Unaudited REVENUES: Platform subscriptions $ 27,136 18,282 74,323 52,753 Managed services 1,890 1,170 5,184 3,075 Other 19 333 340 1,077 Total net revenues 29,045 19,785 79,847 56,905 COST OF REVENUES: Platform subscriptions 6,842 4,792 18,262 12,743 Managed services 1,029 428 2,847 1,877 Other 224 173 572 580 Total cost of revenues 8,095 5,393 21,681 15,200 Gross profit 20,950 14,392 58,166 41,705 OPERATING EXPENSES: General and administrative 8,546 4,509 22,385 12,574 Sales and marketing 4,901 2,068 12,323 6,615 Technology and development 2,600 1,642 6,844 4,521 Total operating expenses 16,047 8,219 41,552 23,710 Income from operations 4,903 6,173 16,614 17,995 NON-OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSE): Interest expense (1,485) (365) (4,287) (1,092) Other income (expense) 29 - 29 1 Total non-operating income (expense) (1,456) (365) (4,258) (1,091) Income before income taxes 3,447 5,808 12,356 16,904 Income taxes 154 228 704 656 Net income $ 3,293 5,580 11,652 16,248 Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 Revenues Three Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent
Income:
Platform subscriptions$ 27,136 18,282 8,854 48.4 % Managed services 1,890 1,170 720 61.5 % Other 19 333 (314) (94.2) % Total net revenues$ 29,045 19,785 9,260 46.8 % 30 Table of Contents Platform subscriptions The increase in platform subscription revenues for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by the increase in revenues from new clients of$4.6 million as a result of our client count increasing from 514 to 657 fromSeptember 30, 2020 toSeptember 30, 2021 and increased revenues generated from existing clients of$4.3 million , which includes the full-period impact of prior period sales, sales of new services to existing clients and contractual growth.
Managed Services
The increase in managed services revenues for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by increased adoption of our technology-powered services by our existing and expanding client base.
Other
The decrease in other revenues for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by a decrease of non-recurring service fees.
Cost of revenue, gross profit (loss) and gross profit margin
Three Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Cost of revenues: Platform subscriptions$ 6,842 4,792$ 2,050 42.8 % Managed services 1,029 428 601 140.4 % Other 224 173 51 29.5 % Total cost of revenues$ 8,095 5,393$ 2,702 50.1 % Gross profit (loss): Platform subscriptions$ 20,294 13,490$ 6,804 50.4 % Managed services 861 742 119 16.1 % Other (205) 160 (365) (228.3) % Total gross profit$ 20,950 14,392$ 6,558 45.5 % Gross profit margin: Platform subscriptions 74.8 % 73.8 % Managed services 45.6 % 63.8 % Other (1,061.7) % 48.0 % Total gross profit margin 72.1 % 72.7 % Platform subscriptions
The increase in cost of platform subscription revenues for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by an increase in personnel-related costs resulting from headcount increases to support our growth as well as an increase in client onboarding costs driven by new client growth and existing client conversions.
Managed Services
The increase in the cost of revenue from managed services for the quarter ended
31 Table of Contents Other
The decrease in the cost of other income for the closed quarter
Operating Expenses Three Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Operating expenses: General and administrative$ 8,546 4,509 4,037 89.5 % Sales and marketing 4,901 2,068 2,833 137.0 % Technology and development 2,600 1,642 958 58.3 % Total operating expenses$ 16,047 8,219 7,828 95.2 % General and administrative The increase in general and administrative expense for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by the continued evolution of our executive team and additional professional hires.
Sales and Marketing
The increase in sales and marketing expense for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by an increase in expenses related to the growth of our professional sales organization. These expenses included personnel-related costs resulting from headcount increases to support our growth. These expense increases also included commissions paid to our sales professionals.
Technology and development
The increase in technology and development expense for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by an increase in personnel costs as we increased product and developer headcount to support our growth initiatives and continue our focus on the growth of our product development group within our organization. The remaining increases are from higher expenses related to operating our product development group to drive innovation and overall growth in our business.
Non-operating income (expenses)
Three Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Interest expense$ (1,485) (365) (1,120) 306.8 % Other (income) expense 29 - 29 N/M Total non-operating expense$ (1,456) (365) (1,091) 298.9 % The overall change in non-operating income (expense) for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by an increase of$1.1 million in interest expense. 32 Table of Contents Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 Revenues Nine Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Revenues: Platform subscriptions$ 74,323 52,753 21,570 40.9 % Managed services 5,184 3,075 2,109 68.6 % Other 340 1,077 (737) (68.4) % Total net revenues$ 79,847 56,905 22,942 40.3 % Platform subscriptions The increase in platform subscription revenues for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by the increase in revenues from new clients of$8.4 million as a result of our client count increasing from 514 to 647 fromSeptember 30, 2020 toSeptember 30, 2021 and increased revenues generated from existing clients of$13.2 million , which includes the full-period impact of prior period sales, sales of new services to existing clients and contractual growth.
Managed Services
The increase in revenue from managed services for the nine months ended
Other
The decrease in other income for the nine-month period ended
compared to the nine months ended
Cost of revenue, gross profit (loss) and gross profit margin
Nine Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Cost of revenues: Platform subscriptions$ 18,262 12,743 5,519 43.3 % Managed services 2,847 1,877 970 51.6 % Other 572 580 (8) (1.4) % Total cost of revenues$ 21,681 15,200 6,481 42.6 % Gross profit (loss): Platform subscriptions$ 56,061 40,010 16.051 40.1 % Managed services 2,337 1,198 1,139 95.2 % Other (232) 497 (729) (146.7) % Total gross profit$ 58,166 41,705 16,461 39.5 % Gross profit margin: Platform subscriptions 75.4 % 75.8 % Managed services 45.1 % 38.9 % Other (68.2) % 46.1 % Total gross profit margin 72.8 % 73.3 % 33 Table of Contents Platform subscriptions
The increase in the cost of revenue from platform subscriptions for the nine months ended
Managed service
The increase in the cost of revenue from managed services for the nine months ended
Other
The decrease in the cost of other income for the nine months ended
Operating Expenses Nine Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Operating expenses: General and administrative$ 22,385 12,574 9,811 78.0 % Sales and marketing 12,323 6,615 5,708 86.3 % Technology and development 6,844 4,521 2,323 51.4 % Total operating expenses$ 41,552 23,710 17,842 75.3 % General and administrative
The increase in general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended
Sales and Marketing
The increase in sales and marketing expense for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by an increase in expenses related to the growth of our professional sales organization. These expenses included personnel-related costs resulting from headcount increases to support our growth. These expense increases also included commissions paid to our sales professionals.
Technology and development
The increase in technology and development expense for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by an increase in personnel costs as we increased product and developer headcount to support our growth initiatives and continue our focus on the growth of our product development group within our organization. The remaining increases are from higher expenses related to operating our product development group to drive innovation and overall growth in our business. 34
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Non-operating income (expenses)
Nine Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Interest expense$ (4,287) (1,092) (3,195) 292.6 % Other (income) expense 29 1 28 2,800.0 % Total non-operating expense$ (4,258) (1,091) (3,167) 290.3 %
The overall change in non-operating income (expenses) for the nine months ended
Liquidity and Capital Resources To date, we have funded our capital needs through collections from our clients and issuances of debt. As ofSeptember 30, 2021 , we had cash of$8.4 million and$4.8 million in available borrowing capacity under our Revolving Debt. OnOctober 25, 2021 , we completed our IPO, which resulted in the issuance and sale of 18,750,000 shares of common stock at the IPO price of$17.00 , generating net proceeds of approximately$267.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and other offerings costs. OnOctober 25, 2021 , we repaid the outstanding indebtedness under our credit facility, totaling approximately$98.8 million in aggregate principal amount. We believe that our current sources of liquidity, cash flows from operations and existing available cash, together with our other available external financing sources, will be adequate to fund our operating and capital needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our pace of growth, subscription renewal activity, the timing and extent of spend to support development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced services offerings and the continuing market acceptance of our services. As a result of the IPO, we expect that our future principal uses of cash will also include paying income taxes and obligations under our Tax Receivable Agreement. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, which could decrease our cash and cash equivalents and increase our cash requirements. As a result of these and other factors, we could use our available capital resources sooner than expected and may be required to seek additional equity or debt. Cash Flow Information
The following table presents a summary of our consolidated cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the periods indicated.
Nine Months Ended September 30, Increase (Decrease) ($ in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount Percent Net cash provided by operating activities$ 5,494 12,578 (7,084) (56.3) % Net cash used in investing activities (6,373) (3,598) (2,775) 77.1 % Net cash used in financing activities (4,533) (4,892) 359 (7.3) % Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (94) (157) 63 (40.1) % Net increase (decrease) in cash$ (5,506) 3,931 (9,437) (240.1) %
Cash flow generated by operating activities
We generated$5.5 million in cash flows from operating activities during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , resulting from our net income of$11.7 million , adjusted by non-cash charges of$3.2 million , and offset by$9.3 million of cash used in working capital activities. Cash used by working capital accounts was due to increases in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities, consistent with our growth. 35
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We generated$12.6 million in cash flows from operating activities during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , resulting from our net income of$16.2 million , adjusted by non-cash charges of$1.9 million , and offset by$5.5 million of cash used in working capital activities. Cash used by working capital accounts was due to increases in accounts receivable and accrued expenses and other liabilities, consistent with our growth. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities of$7.1 million in the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by a decrease in net income of$4.6 million and an increase in net cash used in working capital activities of$3.8 million .
Cash used in investing activities
The increase in net cash used in investing activities of$2.8 million in the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 compared to the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 was driven by investments of property and equipment costs to support the expansion of our business.
Cash used in fundraising activities
Net cash used in financing activities were$4.5 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , resulting from payments of member distributions of$3.3 million and repayment of the term loan of$1.2 million . Net cash used in financing activities were$4.9 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , resulting from payment of member distributions of$4.6 million and repayment of the term loan of$0.3 million .
Indebtedness
OnAugust 2, 2019 , we entered into a credit agreement that provided for a$30.0 million term loan, or the Term Loan, and a$2.0 million revolving debt facility, or the Revolving Debt. Net proceeds of$24 million were distributed to certain members ofEnfusion Ltd. LLC (see Note 6 to our consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this report). OnApril 13, 2020 , we drew$1.8 million of the Revolving Debt to expand our liquidity amid the uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic. We repaid the$1.8 million of Revolving Debt principal (plus de minimis interest) onSeptember 24, 2020 . OnAugust 9, 2020 , the Revolving Debt agreement was amended and restated to increase the commitment amount of the Revolving Debt from$2.0 million to$5.0 million . OnDecember 17, 2020 , the Term Loan agreement was amended and restated to increase the outstanding principal balance to$100.0 million . Net proceeds of$71.1 million from the Term Loan were distributed to certain Members ofEnfusion Ltd. LLC (see Note 6 to our consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this report). As discussed below, onSeptember 30, 2021 , we repaid the first of the required payments of$1.25 million of Revolving Debt principal (plus de minimis interest). Borrowings under the Term Loan bear interest with a fixed component of 4.25% as well as a variable component based on LIBOR. The LIBOR rate for the term loan is subject to a minimum of 1%. The selected one-month LIBOR rate for the term loan onDecember 31, 2020 andSeptember 30, 2021 was below the 1% minimum. Thus, the interest rate for the term loan as ofDecember 31, 2020 andSeptember 30, 2021 was 5.25%. In addition, we are required to pay$1.25 million each quarter of principal repayment commencing onSeptember 30, 2021 , increasing up to$2.5 million starting onMarch 31, 2024 . Any unpaid principal and accrued interest will be due onDecember 17, 2025 . The credit agreement also states that beginning in 2022, an excess cash flow recapture payment equal to 25% of excess cash flow must be made toward the prepayment of the Term Loan for fiscal years with a leverage ratio greater than 3:1. The Term Loan contains certain covenants with which we must comply, including a fixed charge ratio covenant and a leverage ratio covenant. We were in compliance with all loan covenants and requirements for the years endedDecember 31, 2020 andDecember 31, 2019 as well as for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2021 andSeptember 30, 2020 , respectively. We entered into an amended and restated credit agreement immediately as part of the IPO. The amended and restated credit agreement continues to provide for the Term Loan in the aggregate principal amount of$100.0 million and the Revolving Debt in the amount of$5.0 million . The terms of the amended and restated credit agreement are unchanged 36 Table of Contents
of the credit agreement and join
Obligations and contractual commitments
Our contractual obligations have not undergone any material change from those described in the Prospectus.
Off-balance sheet provisions
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Regulation S-K, that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources
that may be material to investors. Tax Receivable Agreement
As a result of our ownership of Common Units in the LLC, we are subject toU.S. federal, state and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income of the LLC and will be taxed at the prevailing corporate tax rates. In addition to tax expenses, we also will incur expenses related to our operations and we will be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Due to the uncertainty of various factors, we cannot precisely quantify the likely tax benefits we will realize as a result of the LLC Common Unit exchanges and the resulting amounts we are likely to pay out to LLC Common Unitholders pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement; however, we estimate that such tax benefits and the related TRA payments may be substantial. The amount of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO was approximately$110.7 million . If all of the Pre-IPO Common Unitholders were to exchange or sell to us all of their Common Units, we would recognize a deferred tax asset of approximately$408.9 million and a liability under the Tax Receivable Agreement of approximately$347.6 million , assuming: (i) all exchanges or purchases occurred on the same day, (ii) a price of$17 per share, which was the public offering price per share of Class A common stock in the IPO, (iii) a constant corporate tax rate of 32.0%; (iv) that we will have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefits; and (v) no material changes in tax law.
Dividend policy
AssumingEnfusion Ltd. LLC makes distributions to its members in any given year, the determination to pay dividends, if any, to our Class A common stockholders out of the portion, if any, of such distributions remaining after our payment of taxes, Tax Receivable Agreement payments and expenses will be made at the sole discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors may change our dividend policy at any time. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated interim financial statements are prepared in accordance withU.S. GAAP. The preparation of consolidated interim financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated interim financial statements and amounts of revenues and expenses reported during the period. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances.
Revenue recognition
Revenue recognition requires judgment and the use of estimates. We derive revenues primarily from fees for platform subscriptions to our cloud-native solution and managed service fees which include fees related to client-selected middle and back-office services on our clients' behalf using our platform. Most contracts have a one-year term and are cancellable with 30 days' notice. Revenues are recognized when control of these services is transferred to our clients in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for these services. Revenues are recognized net of taxes applicable to service contacts. 37 Table of Contents
In accordance with the codification of accounting standards 606, Revenue from contracts with customers, or ASC 606, we determine the recognition of revenue according to the following five-step framework:
? Identification of the contract (s) with a client;
? Identification of the performance obligation in the contract;
? Determination of the transaction price;
? Allocation of the transaction price to performance obligations in the
Contract; and
? Revenue recognition when, or as and when performance obligations are met
The estimates and assumptions requiring significant judgment as part of our revenue recognition policy in accordance with ASU 606 are as follows:
Determination of the transaction price
The price of the transaction is determined based on the consideration to which we believe we are entitled in exchange for the transfer of products or services to the customer.
We do not include a financing component in our contracts. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide clients with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to receive financing from clients or to provide clients with financing.
Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations of the contract
Our service contracts with clients can include multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we account for service charges for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. Each of our platform subscription and managed services contracts are accounted for separately as they are separate service contracts with distinct performance obligations. For any of our service contracts with multiple performance obligations, service charges are allocated to any distinct separate performance obligations of those contracts on a relative standalone selling price, or SSP, basis. The determination of SSP involves judgment. We determine the SSP based on overall pricing objectives, which take into consideration market conditions and entity-specific factors. This includes a review of historical sales data relative to the size of the service contracts, the nature of the software applications and client demographics including the numbers and types of users permitted by the contracts. Software Development Costs Management judgment is required in determining which projects and costs associated with software development will be capitalized and in assigning estimated economic lives to the completed projects. Capitalized software costs consist of costs to purchase software and costs to develop software internally. Capitalization of purchased or internally developed software occurs during the application development stage and consists of design, coding and testing. Management specifically evaluates software development projects, milestones achieved and the commitments to continue funding the projects. Significant changes in any of these items may result in discontinuing capitalization of development costs, as well as immediately expensing previously capitalized costs. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 3 to our consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this report. 38 Table of Contents Emerging Growth Company Status We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and, for so long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we: (i) are no longer an emerging growth company; or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
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